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Sensitivity Analysis of Urban Forestry Practices Among Early-Stage Undergraduate Students of Agriculture in University of Uyo, Nigeria
Koko S. Daniel, Emem B. Inyang, Idorenyin K. Gideon
Sensitivity Analysis of Urban Forestry Practices Among Early-Stage Undergraduate Students of Agriculture in University of Uyo, Nigeria
By: Koko S. DanielEmail: kokodaniel@uniuyo.edu.ng
Tel: 08023858245
Abstract
This study estimated the sensitivity index of the early-stage undergraduate students of Agriculture, to ascertain their variations in sensitivity to urban forestry (SUF) based on socio-economic and academic background characteristics. Using Expo-facto design and purposive sampling procedure, 209 students that offered FOR 211 – Principles of Forestry, were studied. A 4-point Likert structured questionnaire was used to collect a multi-item data on perceived value, environmental consciousness and levels of patronage. Cronbach values (≥ 0.714 ≤ 0.823) were obtained for measured variables. Composite index (CI), T–test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were employed to spring the proportional levels of a measurable attribute of the environmental sensitivity index. Index level of SUF showed four categories: virtually insensitive (1%), low (4.8%), high (30.1%) and excellent (64.1%). Female students had greater sensitivity mean index (0.7926) than male (0.7796). On academic background, post-remedial students exhibited more sensitivity (0.7917) than others. There existed no significant differences in the students’ SUF based on gender, residency, age, department of study and mode of admission. Study concluded that students were more robust in their SUF on exposure to FOR 211. It recommended introduction of environment-based course as one of the obligatory courses across all faculties in the University.
Keywords
Sensitivity, Urban Forestry, Principles, Forestry, Early-stage undergraduate
Introduction
Sensitivity defines the ability to perceive and process information about one's environment. It is comprised of two main parts: the first is the ability to perceive sensory input from the environment, such as taste, smell, sound, and touch; the second is the cognitive processing of the perceived information about the environment, such as reflecting on and thinking deeply about experiences (Lionetti et al., 2018).It focuses on the change in model output values that come from changes in model input values (Sattelliet al., 2008). Although everyone is sensitive to an extent, it is often observed that some people are more sensitive than others due to the influence of their physical environment, knowledge acquired, social relationships, work conditions and upbringing (Lionetti et al., 2018).
Content
According to Pluess et al. (2017), for example, unfavourable early experiences may play a role in the development of increased sensitivity in adolescence and adulthood, especially in individuals with a higher genetic susceptibility to sensitivity. This infers in part that differences in sensitivity are genetic but also is shaped by the type and quality of our upbringing and environment. This corroborates Belsky and Pluess (2009) position that people’s environment and experiences across their lives can equally shape their environmental sensitivity. Pluess (2015) had posited that individuals may not only be more sensitive to the negative effects of unfavorable experiences, but also more sensitive to the beneficial effects of positive environmental exposures. The phrase "environmental sensitivity" incorporates other concepts like Highly Sensitive Person (HSP), orchids and dandelions, and differential susceptibility (Belsky and Pluess, 2009, Lionetti et al., 2018). The highly delicate population has been labelled "Orchids" because, although they need the best care possible, they are especially lovely when they flourish. People in the low sensitivity group have been likened to "Dandelions," which are resilient and can sprout in any place. Since they are not as strong as dandelions but less delicate than orchids, the midway category has been referred to as "tulips" (Lionetti et al., 2018). Individuals who belong to the low sensitivity category exhibit environmental sensitivity, albeit to a lesser extent than those in the other groups. Pluess et al (2017) has shown that individuals typically fall into three different categories on sensitivity spectrum with 30% classed as low, 40% as medium and 30% as high in sensitivity. This also means that most people are relatively sensitive given that the medium and highly sensitive groups together account for 70% of the population. According to Sensitivityresearch.com (2020), sensitive persons have heightened perception, inclined to have a particularly well-developed understanding of relationships, more aware of subtleties in their environment and therefore perceive details more easily, process information more deeply and may get more easily overwhelmed in highly stimulating or chaotic environments.
Conclusion
The students were more robust in their sensitivity to urban forestry by reason of their exposure to Principles of Forestry (FOR 211) judging from the over 90% of the students that fell into the two composite index categories that depicts level of sensitivity to urban forestry found by the composite index outcome as sensitively forward. This leaves no doubt that individuals become more sensitive to beneficial effect of positive environmental exposures. The outcome variations and non-significance in the socioeconomic and academic background characteristic verifies that sensitivity is influenced by a variety of factors. Given the role of urban forestry practices in mitigating the climate change challenges the world is facing, the study therefore recommends introduction of urban forestry and other environment-based courses to education curriculum developers, in order to expose young undergraduates across all the Faculties in the University system to climate change mitigation programs and raise graduates who are environmentally sensitive.
References
Akpan-Ebe, I. N., Okon, K. E. and Ihemadu, E. C. (2013). Environmental Forestry Practices in the Urban Renewal of Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. In: Popoola, L., Ogunsanwo, O. Y., Adekunle, V. A. J., Azeez, I, O. and Adewole, N. O. (eds.) The Green Economy: Balancing Environmental Sustainability and Livelihood in an Emerging Economy. Proceedings of the 36thAnnual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria held in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. November 4 – 9. Vol. 1:454 - 463 Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Economic Development (AKMoED) (2014). Statistical Year Book (8th Edition). A publication of the Directorate of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Development, Akwa Ibom State. Babalola, F. D. and Raji, I. A. (2016). Perception of Urban Trees at Main Campus of University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture 21(1), 60-67. Badiu, D. L., Iojă, C. I., Pătroescu, M., Breuste, J., Artmann, M., Niță, M. R., and Onose, D. A. (2016). Is Urban Green Space Per Capita a Valuable Target to Achieve Cities’ Sustainability Goals? Romania as a Case Study. Ecological Indicators. 70: 53-66. Belsky, J. and Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond Diathesis Stress: Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influences. Psychol. Bull. 135, 885–908. Bertram, C. and Rehdanz, K. (2015). The Role of Urban Green Space for Human WellBeing. Ecological Economics, 120, 139-152. Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98. Daniel, K. S. (2022). Evaluation of Factors Influencing Utilization of Urban Green Parks in Uyo Capital City, Akwa Ibom State. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo. 180pages
Human Rights and Environmental Justice: A Quest for Deliberative Democracy
Saheed Anuoluwapo Agunbiade
Human Rights and Environmental Justice: A Quest for Deliberative Democracy
By: Saheed Anuoluwapo AgunbiadeEmail: Saheed.agunbiade@lasu.edu.ng
Tel: +2349033614254
Abstract
Across Africa, the degradation of the environment poses significant threats to the natural rights of the individuals, such as right to life, equality, fair hearing and dignity. These individuals often bear the brunt of pollution, toxic waste importation, land grabbing for investment purposes, resources exploitation and the impacts of climate change, leading to adverse health effects, displacement, and loss of livelihoods. It is on the basis of these problems, the paper critically discusses the problem of human rights in environmental injustice; It attempts to show how the problem of environmental injustice has affected not only the community, but also the rights of the individuals in the community. Through human rights approach, the paper identifies how some environmental problems such as: overexploitation of resources, climatic change, global warming, toxic waste, importation, and land grabbing, have affected the rights of individuals; it establishes a symmetric between the natural rights of the individuals and environmental injustices, which affects the sustainable development of the African societies. To tackle these challenges, the paper argues for the adoption of deliberative democracy, which serves as a theoretical framework that highlights the importance of reasoned discourse, public deliberation, and the inclusion of diverse perspectives in shaping policies and actions. By integrating this framework into the pursuit of sustainable development, African nations can ensure the protection of human rights, prioritize environmental justice, and make decisions collectively and transparently.
Keywords
Africa, Deliberative democracy, Environmental justice, Human rights, Inclusivity
Introduction
In Africa, like in other parts of the world, politics, the economy, and the environment are interconnected. According to Mohammed Salih (1999), in Africa, various groups compete for state power, and this competition is heavily influenced by the desire to control resources for both economic and livelihood purposes. The history of different groups and governments in the continent revolves around the pursuit of controlling natural resources and, consequently, shaping politics. Once in power, different groups have utilized various methods, often undemocratic, to exploit the benefits of these resources, often to the advantage of the ruling group while disadvantaging other groups or leading to broader socio-economic injustices. So basically, what is being argued here is that in Africa, there are issues with political culture and violations of civil and political rights. This has led to a limited voice for those affected by environmental and socioeconomic injustice. Even when people try to seek justice, governments often respond with undemocratic and inhumane actions to silence them. Africa has faced social and environmental injustices, like being a dumping site for toxic waste before the Basel Convention was passed in 1989. The exporting of hazardous waste, especially electronic waste, from Western countries to Africa is still a big problem. The overexploitation of natural resources by multinational corporations and local governments is also a major issue. For example, in the Niger Delta region, oil fields are overexploited, benefiting the wealthy while harming the local people.
Content
There are also concerns about international land deals in Africa, where countries like China, India, and Turkey make agreements with African countries without considering the interests of local people or conducting environmental impact assessments. Climate change is another major global problem, and although African countries contribute less to it, they still face its severe consequences. To add to the challenges, a significant number of governments in Africa lack democratic practices and fail to uphold the human, civil, and political rights of their citizens (Adeola, 2000). This absence of democratic values and principles has resulted in various social, human, and environmental issues. African governments often deny equal opportunities for participation in decisionmaking processes based on factors such as ethnicity, gender, religion, and education. This perpetuates and reinforces environmental injustices through the denial of fundamental human and political rights. It is on the basis of these, the paper critically discusses the problem of human rights in environmental injustice; it attempts to show how the problem of environmental injustice has affected not only the community, but also the natural rights of the individuals in the community. In doing this, the paper shall start with the conceptual clarification of some key words, such as environment, environmental problem, and environmental justice.
Conclusion
From the above discussion, the paper argues that framing environmental injustice in Africa, and elsewhere, as a matter of human rights alone is not enough to ensure the adoption of fair environmental policies and strategies. While the connection between human rights and environmental concerns has been recognized since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, there is still a need for stronger links between the two. Many countries lack the political commitment to uphold democratic principles within their institutions. Although environmental rights may be included in constitutions, there is often a failure to protect and promote these rights effectively. Constitutionalizing environmental rights can help emphasize the value a society places on environmental protection, encourage inter-state cooperation, and promote citizen participation. However, it is unrealistic to expect the realization of these provisions without first considering fundamental democratic principles. Many times, what is written on paper does not translate into practical action. Some governments that grant constitutional environmental rights may not have an impressive track record in protecting both the environment and human rights. Therefore, it is crucial to not only promote and protect environmental rights legally, but also ensure a genuine commitment to democratic principles. In the context of deliberative democracy, one important aspect is the value of reasonableness. This applies to both the citizens participating in the deliberation process and the decision makers involved.
References
Adeola, F. O. (2000). “Cross-National Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Issues: A Review of Evidence in the Developing World.” American Behavioral Scientist, 43(4), 686-706. Adeola, F. O. (2001). “Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System.” Ecology Review, 8(1), 39-59. Adeola, F. O. (2009). “From Colonialism to Internal Colonialism and Crude Socioenvironmental Injustice: Anatomy of Violent Conflicts in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.” In F. C. Steady (Ed.), Environmental Justice in the New Millennium: Global Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Human Rights. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 135-164 Agrarian Justice Programme. (2013). The Global Land Grab: A Primer. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute (TNI). Ambrose, B. P. (1995). Democratization and the Protection of Human Rights in Africa: Problems and Prospects. Westport: Praeger Publishers. Anton, Donald K. and Shelton, Dinah L. (2011).Environmental Protection and Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Attfield, R., &Belsey, A. (Eds.).(1994). Philosophy and the Natural Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Attfield, R. (2003). Environmental Ethics: An Overview for the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: The Polity Press. Bohman, J. (1998). ‘Survey Article: The Coming Age of Deliberative Democracy.’ The Journal of Political Philosophy 6(4): 400-425.
Relationship Marketing and Aristotle’s Philosophy of Friendship: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Marketing Strategy
Uduak Emmanuel Joseph, Odumayak Okpo, Adekunle Ibrahim
Relationship Marketing and Aristotle’s Philosophy of Friendship: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Marketing Strategy
By: Uduak Emmanuel JosephEmail: info@uujh.org
Tel: 08142809795
Abstract
The paper examines how Aristotle’s philosophy of friendship brings about a new model of marketing strategy known here as “The friendship Model of Marketing” in relationship marketing. The nature of friendship and the conditions of interpersonal attraction as expounded in Aristotle’s philosophy of friendship creates the platform for the development the friendship model of marketing. The paper argues that the nonrecognition of friendship as a center-piece of relationship marketing promotes the absolute formulization of brand-customer relationship in contemporary times. This oversight in recognizing the friendship condition of business interaction undermines the success of many business enterprises in Nigeria, which leads to social and economic stagnation. Against this backdrop, this paper combines the insights of relationship marketing and Aristotle’s philosophy of friendship to build a friendship model of marketing in order to position business enterprises to key into interpersonal attraction so as to connect brands emotionally with consumers. It argues that friendship virtues such as trustworthiness, commitment, honesty, integrity, empathy, altruism, reciprocity form the foundation for successful business engagements. The paper concludes that the adoption of friendship model of marketing in business interactions fosters a reciprocity of goodwill between brands and consumers which ultimately leads to sustainable business growth and development.
Keywords
Friendship, Relationship marketing, Marketing strategy, Philosophy, Customer relationship
Introduction
It is a truism that entrepreneurship is the driving force behind the development of any country in today’s world. Entrepreneurship is one of the most important inputs in the economic development of a nation. Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which is a French word meaning somebody who initiates or finances business enterprises. This means that the entrepreneur acts as a trigger head to give a spark to the economic activities by his entrepreneurial decisions. The entrepreneur as a business leader looks for ideas and puts them into effect in fostering economic growth and development of businesses. Dhaliwal (2016) identifies the important roles entrepreneurship plays in the economic development of a country including wealth creation and distribution, largescale employment opportunities, promotion of balanced regional development, improvement in the standard of living, promotion of the country’s export trade, induces backwards and forward linkages, create social change, promotes capital formation, reduces the concentration of economic power, increase gross national product and per capita income, creating innovation, creates new businesses, puts new business ideas into practice. This suggests that the number and competence of entrepreneurs have a big impact on the economic life of a country. At the individual level, the competence of an entrepreneur is key to the survival of any business enterprise. This entrepreneurial competence refers to the comprehensive skills and visions required for managing a business enterprise successfully.
Content
In the global world of business today, marketing activities have become very competitive and enterprises are doing just about anything to retain relevance and still meet the ever-dynamic needs of their customers. Studies have shown that, for these enterprises to survive, they must take their marketing very seriously as people are now better educated and the global world of business today is a very dynamic one (Bradly 2018; Dwyer, Schurr and Oh 1987; Ndubuisi 2017). Thus, for an organization to survive in today’s competitive market, it has to treat the marketing part of its firm as a top priority. And, since the main reason for the existence of any business outfit is to satisfy the needs of its target customers at a profit and keep the business growing, it is imperative to develop a model of marketing that focuses on the connection between a product and consumer. However, many Chief Executive Officers of business outfits are disappointed over their inability to produce measurable results. Interestingly, they view their marketing department as not living up to expectations. More importantly, many marketing officers are struggling to identify new marketing possibilities to deliver their target. While companies unreservedly declare their wish to get close to customers, marketing seems to be far from this desired relationship with customers inspite of the fact that companies expend huge amounts of money to advertise and promote their products and services. The questions that are begging for answers are: what happened? How did marketers lose their influence? Why is marketing failing in its primary role?
Conclusion
The study has attempted within its limited scope to demonstrate the imperative of a friendship model of marketing for the sustenance and protection of the interests of both the business enterprise and the customers. Aristotle’s notion of friendship outlines the basic principles that give any business outfit a humanistic face. Relationship virtues such as trust, commitment, reciprocity, empathy, altruism are enduring basis for business relationship or any other form of interpersonal relationships. Thus, any business enterprise that builds its operational activities of these relationship virtues keys into the fundamental requirements for the sustenance, survival and success of its existence. The paper therefore admonishes business operators to see and relate to their customers as friends whose patronages are a product of altruistic engagement. And, in return, the customer inadvertently reciprocates the goodwill by an act of loyalty and unpaid source of advertisement.
References
Anderson, J. C. and J. A. Narus (1990), “A Model of Distributor Firm and Manufacturer Firm Working Partnerships”, Journal of Marketing, 54 (January): 42 – 45. Aristotle, (2001). Ethical Nicomachean. The Basic Works of Aristotle. Ed. Richard McKeon. New York: Random House, 2001. Berry, L. L. (1983), “Relationship Marketing”, In L. L. Berry, G. L. Shostack and G. D. Upah (eds.). Perspectives on Services Marketing. Chicago: American Marketing Association, pp. 25 – 28. Berry, L. L. (2002), “Relationship Marketing of Services-Perspectives from 1983 and 2000”, Journal of Relationship Marketing, 1 (1): 59 – 77. Bradly, G. (2018). The role of Relationship marketing in the marketing performance of retail stores in Birmingham. Journal of Marketing Research, 6(3): 11-24. Copulsky, J. R. and M. J. Wolf (1990), “Relationship Marketing: Positioning for the Future”, Journal of Business Strategy, (July/August): 16 – 26. Czepiel, J. A. (1990), “Service Encounters and Service Relationships: Implications for Research”, Journal of Business Research, 20: 13 – 21. Dwyer, R. F., P. H. Schurr and S. Oh (1987), “Developing Buyer-Seller Relationships”, Journal of Marketing, 51 (April): 11 – 27. Frazier, G. L. (1983), “Inter-Organizational Exchange Behaviour in Marketing Channels: A Broadened Perspective”, Journal of Marketing, 47 (Fall): 68 – 78. Gronroos, C. (1994), “From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing”, Management Decision, 32 (2): 4 – 20. Gronroos, C. (1997), Value-Driven Relational Marketing: From Products to Resources and Competencies”, Journal of Marketing Management, 13 (4): 407 – 419. Gummesson, E. (2017), “From Relationship Marketing to Total Relational Marketing and Beyond”, Journal of Services Marketing, 31 (1): 16 – 19. Hakim, A. and Hakim, A. A. (2017). The Effect Relationship Marketing Dimension on Customer Loyalty of Muslim Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business and Management, 19(8): 01-13.
The Fragmentation of Ibibio land: The Linguistic Perspective
By: Uwem J. AkpanEmail: uwemakpan@uniuyo.edu.ng
Tel: 07032140150
Abstract
Annang, consisting of eight Local Government Areas in Akwa Ibom State is a sub-group of the Ibibio. The fact of the Ibibio origin of the Annang reflects in the replication of villages, clans, common totems, deities, socio-political organisation and institutions. The sense of common ancestry informed the effective involvement of the Annang in the Ibibio State Union. In the colonial records, Annang was recognised as Western Ibibio. In fact, present-day Akwa Ibom State was divided into six Ibibio districts, viz: Abak, Eket, Itu, Ikot Ekpene, Opobo (Ikot Abasi) and Uyo. However, from 1953, the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) led-government in the Eastern Nigeria initiated the process of fragmentation and eventually balkanised Ibibio land into Ibibio and Annang Provinces. (Ibibio Province was later renamed Uyo Province). In recent times, the fragmentation has been given a linguistic dimension by some scholars, such that Annang, a dialect of the Ibibio language has been “elevated” to the rank of a distinct language even when it has been proven that genetically, Annang is a dialect of the Ibibio language, and belongs to the “Ibibiod” language cluster. Using an interdisciplinary methodology, the paper historically affirms the Ibibio origin of the Annang who speak a dialect of the Ibibio language.
Keywords
Ibibio, Annang, Language, Fragmentation, Dialect
Introduction
Linguistics is the scientific study of language as an entity or phenomenon through objective and rigorous analysis. It employs formal, scientific and verifiable principles. This is why its postulates are verifiable. Linguistics examines all aspects of human language from the historical origin to its everyday uses and future. Linguistics is scientific because work on language is done by means of controlled and empirically verifiable observations and with reference to some general theory of language structure (Lyons, 1968; Yel-Ifede, 2001; Essien, 2010). Linguistics does not prescribe what language should be, but describes what language is. It describes how language works and how it should work; it describes what people speak and not what they should speak. Linguistics is objective and not subjective. It draws from various disciplines for an understanding of different aspects of language in its various uses. From Anthropology and Sociology, it gains an understanding of man’s behaviours in his use of language in various contexts and cultures. A total understanding of any sentence also involves some knowledge of the society in which the sentence is produced. The detailed understanding of language thus involves some information from Biology, Psychology, Anthropology, Sociology, History, etc. It is therefore no wonder that specialists have arisen within linguistics itself with a lot of interaction with scholars in different fields (Yel-Ifode, 2001).
Content
From the above construct, it is obvious that interdisciplinary approach, if integrated in the linguistics studies, can yield more credible answer(s) to critical questions in the discipline. This emerging trend has unfortunately been ignored by the few scholars who have in recent years been involved in the study of one of the dialects of Ibibio language known as “Annang”. Because of the lack of a broad-based methodology and perspective, the dialect has been erroneously elevated to the status of a distinct language. It should be mentioned that Ibibio is both ethnic and linguistic term. All over the world, people who speak the same language regardless of variants believe they are the same people and are united by it. They may be differences in dialects, but the fact that a dialect is not a language and those who speak them do not constitute ethnic groups, is demonstrated by the fact that though the people that now constitute the Igbo nation came from diverse directions to their present abode and now speak not less than 20 dialects; yet, they still consider themselves as constituting one Igbo ethnic group with one Igbo language (Ina, 2017). This paper is a response to series of attempts by some scholars, particularly a few linguists, who have in recent times created an artificial brand of scholarship known as “Annang language”, an intellectual enterprise that is devoid of historical and anthropological backing. It should be reiterated that this error is committed primarily because of the narrow methodology and perspective adopted by the initiators and advocates of the study. The paper shows evidently that Annang is a sub-group of Ibibio known as Western Ibibio, who differentiated from the main Ibibio group somewhere around the Uyo and Abak Government Station (present-day Ikot Oku Ikono area) and dispersed to evolve into its present size (Ibibio State Union, 1956, Jones, 1963). The Ibibio and her sub-groups, including the Annang, occupy a contiguous well demarcated territory, share a common background of culture and cultural heritage, possess a highly common outlook and a common belief in one Supreme Being, called Abasi Ibom.
Conclusion
The analysis has shown that historically and anthropologically, Annang is a sub-group of the Ibibio. The Ibibio represents an ethnic and language group. Annang being a sub-group of the Ibibio people therefore speak a dialect or variant of the Ibibio language. The study has shown that, genetically, there is striking similarities between Ibibio language and Annang dialect. Structurally, the Annang dialect thrives on shared vocabulary of the Ibibio language. The cognates relationship also portrays Annang as a dialect of the Ibibio language. Also, the phonological correspondence and grammatical correspondence speak of a high degree of mutual intelligibility. Based on the above technical and professional correlations, Annang dialect as classified by Essien (1991) belongs to the Ibibio-proto language. However, based on the un-scientific approach devoid of interdisciplinary methodology, adopted by the proponents of the “Annang language project”, Annang dialect has been elevated in recent times to the status of a language purely on the basis of politics and the quest for “self-definition”. As stated by Dr. Isonguyo Ibokette, respectable Annang elite, “Akwa Ibom State is an indivisible entity and those who fan the embers of disunity through the demand for multiple dialects for use as official languages in the state are peoples who possibly lack information on the history of the people”. Ina (2017) also states that all over the world, people who speak the same language regardless of variants believe they are the same people and are united by it. They may be differences in dialects, but the fact that dialects are not language or languages and those who speak to them do not constitute ethnic groups, is demonstrated by the fact that though the Igbo speak not less than 20 dialects, they still consider themselves as constituting one Igbo ethnic group with one language”. The truth is that though the Annang sub-group speaks a dialect of the Ibibio language, the people are not distinct from the Ibibio, but a sub-group of the Ibibio just like the Ika, Abak, Ukanafun, Ikot Ekpene variants of Annang are still considered as Annang people.
References
Abasiattai, M.B. (1991). The Ibibio: An Introduction to the Land, the People and their Culrure. Calabar: Alphonsus Akpan. Akpan, U.J. (2012). “Ibibio-Annang Relations, 1885-2007”. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of History & International Studies, University of Calabar. Cornel, B. “Language and Pre-history in the Cross River Basin: A Basis for Cultural Integration and Understanding”. The Role of the Arts in Nation Building. Abasiattai, M.B. (Ed.). Calabar: Map Publishers, 1987. Essien, O. (1985). “Ibibio Orthography, Orthographies of Nigerian Languages”. Banjo, Ayo (Ed.). Manual 111, Lagos: National Language Centre. … (1987). “Akwa Ibom and Cross River Languages: Problems and Prospects”. Akwa Ibom and Cross River States. An Introduction to the Land, the People and their Culture. Abasiattai, M.B. (Ed.). Calabar: Wusen Press Ltd. … (1991). “The Ibibio Language: Classification and Dialects. The Ibibio: An Introduction to the Land: An Introduction to the Land, the People and their Culture. Abasiattai, M.B. (Ed.). Calabar: Alphonsus Akpan. … (2010). Commissioned and inspired. Vital Aspects of Linguistics. Port Harcourt: M & J Grand Orbit Commission Ltd. Ekong, E.E. (2001). The Sociology of the Ibibio: A Study of Social Organisation and Change. Uyo: Modern Business Press, 2001. Ford, D. and Jones G. I. (1962). The Ibo and Ibibio-Speaking Peoples of South-Eastern Nigeria. London: International African Institute. Goldie, H. (1862). Dictionary of the Efik Language, in Two Parts. 1 – Efik Language, II English and Efik. Glasgow Printed by Dunn and Wright. Ibibio State Union (1956). A Memorandum Submitted by Ibibio State Union to Professor G.I. Jones Commission of Enquiry into the Position, Status and Influence of Chiefs and Natural Rulers in the Eastern Region of Nigeria. Aba: Ikemesit Co. Ltd. Ibibio State Union (1958). Memorandum Issued By the Central Secretariat. Uyo: Dynamo Printing Press. Ina, K. E. (2017). The Changing Faces of Ibibio History, 1885-1987. Uyo: Ndeco Educational Publishers, 2017. Jeffreys. M.D.W. (1935). Old Calabar and Notes on the Ibibio Language. Calabar: Hope Waddel Press. Jones, G. I. (1950). The Trading States of the Oil Rivers. London: Oxford University Press. …(1988). …The Background of eastern Nigerian History. Vol. III. Tribal Distribution (2). New Haven: Connecticut: Human Relations Area Files, Inc. Michael, I. and Obot J. (Eds.). (2001). The Orthography of the Annang Language. Calabar: Sotimes Communication Limited. Noah, M.E. (1980). The Ibibio Pioneers in Modern Nigerian History. Uyo: Modern Business Press Ltd. Noah, M.E. (1981). “Ibibio Origin and Migration in Historical Perspective”. Nigeria Magazine, Nos. 134-135, 1981. Syal, P. and Jindal, D.V. (2014). An Introduction to Linguistics. Language, Grammar and Semantics. Delhi: PHI Private Limited.
Reexamining the Narrative of American Indians Experience on the Western Frontier
By: Mamadou Malal SYEmail: Mamadoumalal.sy@univ-thies.sn
Tel: 08142809795
Abstract
This paper tries to reexamine the narrative of Native American history and experience with the American colonists from Europe on the western frontier. It analyzes real historical facts on the frontier line separating “civilization” from “wilderness” and symbolizing the absolutely hostile contact between white Americans and Indian tribes that led to bloodiest confrontations over land control. The study is motivated by a need to contribute in clearing up the confusion and controversies on the cause of Indian population decline from nearly 8 million on the colonists’ arrival in the New World to about 200000 in the turn of the 19th century. Thus, it has eventually come to the conclusion that this was mostly due to Europeans’ colonialism through wars as well as systematic Indian extermination in the Whites deliberate enterprise of the Indians removal policy, leading thus to most horrific genocidal catastrophes in human history, even though we cannot lose sight of the role of epidemics.
Keywords
Civilization, Epidemics, Expansion, Experience, Genocide, Narrative, Native Americans, reexamine, Western Frontier, Wilderness
Introduction
The narrative regarding the history of American-Indian’s experience in the New World has been controversial among historians. Some historians, like Ernest Codman (1913), Alfred Crosby (1976), Andrew David et al (2000), Suzanne Austin Alchon (2003) and James Daschuk (2013) firmly deny the idea that there was an Indian extermination or genocide and defend the theory of Virgin Soil Epidemics as the main cause of Native American population decline due to Indian populations being immunologically unprepared for Old World diseases. Other historians and scholars such as Dee Brown (1970), Alexie Sherman (2005; 2013) and David Treuer (2014) have criticized what they conceive as deliberate misinterpretation of Native American history and historiography by some historians in their narrative of Native American experiences with European settlers and colonists in the New World. This debate has greatly contributed to the shed light on aspects of this outstanding part of American history.
Content
Early European explorers who set foot on the New World declared that it was an uninhabited land, a virgin and no man’s land that they also called terra nullius, meaning an unoccupied land. Indeed, they believed that the indigenous Indians that they found there were savages just like the wild beasts they met in the Now World. Yet, Historians estimate at about 8 million the number of Indians who lived in the New World with their secular civilization and culture when the first settlers founded the first colonies in North America (Smith, 2017: 8). At that time, indigenous people (Indians) had settled across North America in hundreds of different tribes. This study is guided by the following questions: how was it that the Indians who were estimated about 8 million on the European colonist’s arrival in the New World, eventually counted just about thousands in the turn of nineteenth century America? What had happened to the 567 Indian nations by the end of the 1890s? The paper aims to reexamine the whole process of the conflicts and wars that took place between the Indians and the European settlers to highlight what had really happened to Native Americans. To do so, we will try to revisit the context of the colonists’ westward expansion into the Indian lands. Then we will analyze the role played by the 1812 American British war over western lands occupation and finally see how the hundreds Indian tribes along with their civilizations disappeared from their ancestral lands of New World
Conclusion
The history of Native Americans experiences with American colonists was about cruelty and power associated with ethnocentricity and racism. Indeed, when the first Europeans arrived in the New World, Indian tribes such as the Wampanoag, the Shawnees, the Iroquois, the Mohawks, the Kaskaskias, the Creeks, the Choctaws, the Cherokees, the Narragansett, the Mohican, the Pokanoket, the Algonquians, the Susquehannock, the Lenape, the Powhatans, the Nansemond were living on their secular ancestral lands of the Americas proud of their civilization and culture that the “new comer” Europeans regarded as wild and barbarous. To the question whether or not Native Americans were really victims of genocide during the conquest and colonization by European colonists or white Americans of the entire4800 km from the Eastern Cost to the West of America, academics have long debated without ultimately agreeing on a single answer to the issue. While some scholars continue to defend the idea that Native Americans’ catastrophic demographic decline from a pre-contact population of about 8 million to some 240,000 individuals by 1900 was mainly due to the Old-World epidemic diseases that ravaged them, other academics and historians argue in their works that the Indians were rather exterminated in what can be referred to as a genocide.
References
BARCE, Elmore. 1915. “Governor Harrison and the Treaty of Fort Wayne”, in Indiana Magazine of History, December, Vol. 11, No. 4 Indiana, Indiana University Press. BOND, Beverley W. 1927. “William Henry Harrison in the War of 1812”, in The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 13, N°. 4, pp. 499 – 516 (18 pages) BROWN, Dee. 1971. Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee: a American History of the American West, New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston. CLAYTON, Gary. 2014. Anderson, Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime that Should Haunt America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 462 pages. CODMAN, Ernest. 1913. Observations on a series of ninety-eight consecutive operations for chronic appendicitis. Boston Med Surg J., 169:495-502 (https://www.nejm.org/doi/full /10.1056/NEJM191310021691403). CROSBY,Alfred W. 1976. "Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America". The William and Mary Quarterly. 33 (2): 289299. doi:10.2307/19221 66. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 1922166. PMID 11633588. EDWARDS, Tai S; Kelton, Paul (June 1, 2021). "Germs, Genocides, and America's Indigenous Peoples". Journal of American History. doi:10.1093/jahist/jaaa008. Retrieved May 2, 2024. Accessed on 12 August, 2024. GALLAY, Alan. 2002. The Indian Slave Trade, the rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717, Yale, Yale University. HENNEPIN, Louis. 1985. A Description of Louisiana by Father Louis Hennepin, Recollect Missionary … , trans. John Gilmary Shea. New York: John G. Shea. https://digital.lib.niu.edu/ islandora/object/niu-prairie%3A1985. Accessed September 5, 2020. JACOBS and Saul Landau, To Serve the Devil, Natives and slaves, New York, Random House, 1971, pp. 63-65. JONES, Davids et al. 2024. “Recognizing Historical Injustices in Medicine and the journal Indigenous Americans” in The New England Journal of Medicine. Downloaded from nejm.org on August 12, 2024. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright © 2024 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved JUHÁSZ, Réka. 2014. Trade and Development: Evidence from the Napoleonic Blockade, London, London School of Economics
Historical Context on the claims and contestations of the Ownership of Kaduna Metropolis: An Examination of the Gbagyi and other Ethnic Minorities Factor.
Timothy Zakimayu Barje, Bulus Nom Audu
Historical Context on the claims and contestations of the Ownership of Kaduna Metropolis: An Examination of the Gbagyi and other Ethnic Minorities Factor.
By: Timothy Zakimayu BarjeEmail: timzaks@gmail.com
Tel: 08060068698
Abstract
Kaduna metropolis is one of the most vibrant and economically viable cities not only in northern Nigeria but the country as a whole. What many are not aware of is that deep in the history of this capital, there is a deep-seated struggle to control the political and economic institutions of the state, a struggle that is rooted in the origin of the establishment of the metropolis as the capital of Northern Nigeria during the colonial period. At the centre of these contestation and claims is the Gbagyi ethnic nationality which have historically lay claim to the city. Other contestations in the city arise only because the metropolis is the centre of political leadership and economic nerve centre of the state. The struggles for control and recognition have been considered in this study as the silent trigger of the numerous ethno-religious crises of the city. Using various historical materials published on the history of Kaduna, this study analyses the historical context of these claims and contestations and the major actors involved.
Keywords
Kaduna, Gbagyi, Ethnic minorities, Contestations, Ethno-religious Crisis
Introduction
Kaduna state is located in the Northwestern region of Nigeria, and it is one of the states in the country that is peopled by so many ethnic nationalities who claim to be indigenous to the state on the basis of their history and ancestral origins. Aside from the indigenous people of Kaduna state, the state, especially the capital, is also home to Nigerians of various ethnic nationalities and origins, who by virtue of employment, business establishments and choice of settlement have made the state home. The state ranked among the most economically viable states in the Northern part of the country with an Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) of N52.9 billion naira in 2021 (Statisense, 2022), making her the highest in the north after Kano state. Kaduna metropolis on the other hand, has always been considered as the political nerve centre of Northern Nigeria politics. From its early beginnings as the colonial headquarters of Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, it metamorphosed into the choice neighbourhood of the high-and-mighty class of Northern Nigeria political aristocrat. It also considered highly in terms of religious importance, not because the metropolis had any historical significance as an Islamic centre like Kano, Katsina and Borno states, but Kaduna has carved a niche for being the nerve centre of modern Nigeria Islamic politicoreligious thoughts and fundamentalist institutions, where the apex Islamic organs and bodies are established.
Content
Despite the blitz and glamour that characterised Kaduna metropolis, it is also considered as one of the most volatile cities in the country due to its ethno-religious composition. Being a city that is sharply divided by religion, between Muslims and Christians, and added to the ethnic composition, it has experienced some of the ugliest ethno-religious clashes the country has witnessed. So many reasons have been adduced to the crisis in Kaduna state, majority of these have been linked with the city’s history and religious divide.1 This study is an attempt to present in historical perspective, the context, claims and political contestation of the ownership of Kaduna metropolis, which has been a barrage of political cudgeling between the Gbagyi and the Hausa/Fulani under the suzerain of Zaria emirate, who control to some extent the external relations between the states. Based on historical evidences, the Gbagyi have laid claim to the metropolis having been the first settlers on the land from as early as 1700AD (Jackel, 1997), they claim only to owed some form of allegiance to the Habe king of Zaria until he was driven by the Fulani after the jihad and forced to flee to Abuja (Temple, 1922: 125).However, from the arrival of the British, the whole political landscape was changed introducing other active actors, who successfully dominated and took over the political control of this area
Conclusion
The evolution of Kaduna metropolis since the colonial period has erupted series of political development that has activated century old dissatisfaction among groups within the metropolis. This inadvertently initiated a struggle to maintain control, and to beg for recognition/inclusiveness, respectively from those who hold the economic and political wand, and secondly from those who feel they are valid stakeholders and should be accorded a place at the table. Being the political capital of the state, happenings in Kaduna metropolis can often trigger reaction from other parts of the state, it is made more complicated when the southern half of the metropolis is occupied majorly by Christians and the northern part dominated by Muslims, which coincidentally is the reflection of the ethnic and religious division of the state between a south mostly dominated by Christians ethnic minority groups and a north dominated by Hausa/Fulani ethnic majority.
References
Toyin Falola, 1998 Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideology, Rochester: University of Rochester Press; Emmanuel Peter Ogbaki, 2017, “Conflicts in Southern Kaduna: Causes and Strategies for Resolution”, Nigeria Journal of Religion and Society JORAS, Vol. 7, pp. 12-28; Kukah Mathew Hassan, 1993, Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum. Adeleye, R. A. 1971. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria, 1804 – 1906: The Sokoto Caliphate and its Enemies, London: Longman. Bununu, Y. A., A.N.M. Ludin and Nafisa Hosni. 2015. “City Profile: Kaduna”, Cities: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning 49 Falola, Toyin. 1998. Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideology, Rochester: University of Rochester Press. Filaba, M. A. and Gojeh L. A. 2008.Koro and Gbagyi Subgroup Relations in Central Nigeria, Ethiopia: Gabdel Integrated Services Limited. Gandu, YohanaKagaro. 2011. “Historical and Contemporary basis for Sectarian residential settlement patterns in Kaduna Metropolis of Northern Nigeria”, Mawazo: The Journal of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, 10(3), 72 – 91. Human Rights Watch. 2003. “Nigeria, the ‘Miss World Riots’: Continued Impunity for Killings in Kaduna.” International Crisis Group. 2010. “Northern Nigeria: Background to Conflict”, Africa Report No 168 – 20.
The Origin and Development of the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) in Lagos State, 1932-1978
Kolawole A. Adesuyi, Oladipo O. Olubobehin, dewale Adeyemi-Suenu
The Origin and Development of the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) in Lagos State, 1932-1978
By: Kolawole A. AdesuyiEmail: kolawole.adesuyi@lasu.edu.ng
Tel: 08033634439
Abstract
This study examined the history and the activities of early motor transport unions in Lagos since 1932, up to the formation of National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) in Lagos State. It investigated the issues of proliferation, development and various legislations before its establishment in 1978. The first serious attempt by the colonial administration at encouraging the establishment of trade unions was in 1938 when the first labour legislation was enacted, legalizing trade unionism. By 1942, the Trade Union Congress of Nigeria (TUCN) emerged, against the ill-treatment of the drivers by owners leading to the formation of NURTW in 1978. The nature of NURTW and its activities in recent times has raised a number of questions, especially on the issues of legitimacy. Residents of Lagos State perceived the activities of the union as negative. This study adopted a historical research method which involved the use of both primary and secondary data. The primary data collected are from manuscripts, letters and diaries. The secondary materials used were published books and journal articles and government gazette. By this, there is a bridge between the gaps in literature in an area that scholars have paid limited attention with regards to the study of transport unions in Nigeria.
Keywords
Lagos State, Trade Union, Transportation, Development, Workers
Introduction
The origin of the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) has a long history which is connected to trade unions. This origin is traceable to the seventeenth century, just before the emergence of the factory system, otherwise known as the Industrial Revolution in Europe (Webb & Webb, 1965:25). Although there were various trade and craft guilds in Europe before the industrial revolution, their fraternity did not form a continuous association that outlived their demands. This buttresses the assertion of Webb and Webb (1965:26) that the industrial revolution contributed to the emergence of trade unions. In essence, modern trade unionism developed out of the definite separation between the employers and the employees, that is, the capitalists and the workers. The emergence of trade unionism in Nigeria, unlike most other colonial dependencies, was rather earlier than expected. James Coleman (1965:212) states that one of the significant occurrences in Nigeria at the beginning of the nineteenth century was the emergence of multiple associations with common interests. Unlike modern trade unions, these interest groups were organized based on traditional guilds and associations with all the paraphernalia of secretaries and executive committees (Coleman, 1965:212).
Content
The first serious attempt by the colonial administration at encouraging the establishment of trade unions was in 1938 when the first labour legislation was enacted, formally legalizing trade unionism (Tinuoye, 2014:376). The first central labour organization to emerge in Nigeria was the Trade Union Congress of Nigeria (TUCN) which was formed in 1942. This piece of legislation was soon followed by other legislations viz; the Trade Disputes and Arbitration Ordinance and Workers Compensation Ordinance of 1945, the Factories Ordinance of 1955, Wages Board and National Provident Fund Ordinance of 1957 (Jauch, 2003:31). Trade unionism in Nigeria has had a chequered history of antagonism and repressive legislations under successive military governments and civilian administrations and that of rivalry within its ranks. There were also drivers’ unions such as the Western Provinces Drivers’ Union and the Nigerian Motor Workers’ Union in West and Eastern Nigeria respectively. The formation of motor transport unions was a novel development in colonial Nigeria. It was meant to ensure and promote the collective interests of the motor transporters in the face of colonial discriminatory policies in favour of railway transport. In fact, the influence of the Nigerian Motor Transport Union (NMTU) was felt in 1937, when it successfully resisted attempts by the colonial government to impose higher taxes on its members (Ogunremi, 1978:127-144). This study investigate the formation and development of National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) in Lagos State from 1932-1978. The next sections of this work capture the literature review, methodology employed for the study, presentation and discussion of findings as well as the conclusion.
Conclusion
This study examined the politics and formation of NURTW in Lagos State, with the focus on its establishment in 1978.Research has shown that the history of indigenous motor transport unions in Nigeria dates back to 1932 and it became proliferated and caused societal menace. From the foregoing, it is very glaring that the emergence of NURTW was achieved through government legislation because of the need to unify the various interest unions, especially the owners and their workers in the sector. In the same vein, the colonial dependency and unfavorable transport policies necessitated the Nigerian Motor Transport Union Strike of 1978. This strike reflects cohesion and courage of the Nigeria Motor Transport Union (NMTU) to end arbitrary government policy. Since its formation as an affiliated body of Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), the union has played a significant role in complementing the government’s efforts in the provision of public transport services for the teeming masses of Lagos State. Through the fleet of mini-buses (Dánfó) at the disposal of its members (the drivers), the NURTW conveyed about 9,982,000 passengers daily (LAMATA, 2015). The regulatory lacunae observed in the operations of the motor transport union should be urgently addressed by the state government through the implementation of public transport sector reforms and the enforcement of relevant laws.
References
Albert, I.O. (2007). “Between State and Transport Union: NURTW and Politics of Managing Public Motor Parks in Ibadan and Lagos, Nigeria”, in: L. Fourchard (Ed.), Gouverner les villesd’Afrique: Etat, Gouvernement Local etActeursPrives. Paris: Karthala, pp. 125-138. Auto Report NG (2019). “A Review of Lagos Transportation System From The Colonial Days Till Present”, 28 March. Retrieved 21 August, 2021 from: https://autoreportng. com/2019/03/a-review-of-lagos-transportation-syste.html. Coleman, J.S. (1965). Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Daily Service. (1947). “Enough of It, We Say” and “Monopoly Backed by Statute, Says Prominent Businessman”, VII (619), 8, April, 29 & 30. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, 51, (62), Lagos, 16 October, 1975. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette,6, (65), Lagos, 8 February 1978. Hawkins, E.K. (1958). Road Transport in Nigeria: A Study of African Enterprise. London: Oxford University Press. Hodgkin, T. (1956). Nationalism in Colonial Africa, London: Muller. Jauch, H. (2003). Trade Unions in Africa, Johannesburg: African Labour Research Network –ALRN. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria and Lagos, 1999.
Nature Writing in Environmental Conservation of Urhoboland in the Niger Delta
By: Mark IkekeEmail: drikeke@delsu.edu.ng
Tel: 08067426895
Abstract
Urhoboland like other areas in Nigeria’s Niger Delta has suffered from environmental pollution and degradation. This degradation is caused essentially by oil exploration and oil pollution activities. Outside oil companies' activities, there are also factors like careless dumping of solid and domestic waste, deforestation, herdsmen’s vandalism of farmlands, sacrifices of African traditional worshippers thrown into the rivers, abandoned political and religious billboards and posters that litter the land, and so forth. No one factor is enough to explain what causes environmental degradation in Urhoboland, rather it comes from multiple factors as listed above. This paper argues that there is a need to foster environmental conservation in Urhoboland through nature writing. Nature writing is generally understood as non-fictional or fictional written discourses with the environment or natural realities as the main subject. Nature writing helps to promote environmental awareness and the need for people to act responsibly towards the environment. The paper uses critical analytic and hermeneutic methods to show that the state of environmental conservation in Urhoboland is deplorable and that there are few nature writings on Urhoboland. It argues for more nature writings on the environment of Urhoboland. Through hermeneutics, the key concepts in the paper are deciphered and interpreted. The paper concludes that if there are many more nature writings on Urhoboland, they will help to conserve Urhoboland environmentally.
Keywords
Nature writing, environmental conservation, Urhobo, Niger Delta, Nigeria, degradation.
Introduction
The environmental crisis and the harm happening to the natural world have necessitated an interest in natural writing. Nature writing is generally understood as non-fictional or fictional written discourses with the environment or natural realities as the main subject matter. Nature writing can help in the healing of the natural world that is degraded and polluted. Nature writing, as stated by Yadi (2024) includes books like Entangled Life: How Fungi Makes Our World, Changes Our Minds and Shape Our Futures by Merlin Sheldrake, The Old Ways: A Journey On Foot by Robert MacFarlane, Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge and the Teachings of Plants by Robin Wall Kimmere, The Salt Path by Raynor Winn, H is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald. Nunez (2021) lists the following also as nature writing: Pilgrim at Tinker Creek by Annie Dillard, Smith Blue by Camille T. Dungy, Vesper Flights by Helen Macdonald, World of Wonders: In Praise of Fireflies, Whale Sharks, and Other Astonishments by Aimee Nezhukumatathil.
Content
There is a great need to re-focus attention on the natural world. Without the natural world, human life is meaningless. All that human beings need such as food, clothing, wood, bricks, and so on comes from nature. Destruction of nature destroys humans also. The various writings on the environment or nature of the Niger Delta all reveal this. Yadi (2019) reveals that the resurgence of nature writing indicates that people know that they can find comfort in nature as well as healing balm. Nature writing is educative and locates people in the natural world. The concern of this paper is with nature writing regarding Urhoboland. Urhoboland is situated in Delta State in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. The ecological plight facing the Niger Delta is also similar to that facing Urhoboland. Consequent to the foregoing, the paper shall make a conceptual clarification, followed by an examination of the situation of environmental conservation in the Niger Delta. This is followed by an examination of some of the features of nature writing. Various nature writing on Urhoboland will be listed also before examining the role that nature writing can play in the environmental conservation of Urhoboland.
Conclusion
The paper has discussed nature writings and noted some ways it can help to promote environmental conservation in Urhoboland. It highlighted the fact that nature writing can play a prominent role as it makes people aware of the beauty and goodness in nature, and the environmental damage that is being done to the beautiful earth. About Urhoboland, it was shown that very little conservation is taking place rather, what is happening is environmental pollution and damage, especially from the activities of oil exploration and gas flaring. Though some individuals and corporate bodies are aware of the beauty of nature, economic gains from oil exploration and gains from harvesting environmental resources hold sway for them. The once beautiful, serene, and peaceful Urhoboland with many rivers filled with fishes, animals, and other organisms is lying in decadence. The paper also showed that from the broader meaning of nature writing, there is some nature writing on Urhoboland, though many of them are writings from the socio-economic and political vantage point. It advocated for many more nature writings on Urhoboland that should include nature writing of the natural history, nature aesthetics genres, and so on. Nature writing can help to stem the tide of environmental degradation in Urhoboland. With many more nature writings environmental conservation in Urhoboland will be sustained.
References
Abotutu,A.A. (2015). Oil exploration and environmental degradation in Urhoboland, Delta State, Nigeria. In Christopher Ewhrudjakpor, Augustus Atubi and Lazarus Etemike (ed.), Oil theft, environmental degradation and the reciprocal responsibilities of host communities and the government in Nigeria (pp. 16-22). Abraka: Faculty of Social Sciences of Delta State University. Abdulsemiu, M. (2024).Nigerian media failing in environmental reporting, says EdetaenOjo. https://www.thecable.ng/nigerian-media-failing-in-environmental-reporting-saysedetaen-ojo/ Adelson, G. (2008). Nature writing. In Glenn Adelson et al (ed.), Environment: An introductory anthology (pp.676-678). New Haven: Yale University Press. Anah, A.U. (2019). The church and her concern for the environment: A Nigerian perspective. Asaba: NICE Printing Press. Bellamy, P. (2007). Academic’s dictionary of environment. New Delhi: Academic India Publishers. Branch, M.P. Before nature.(2001). In Karla Armbruster and Kathleen .R. Wallace (ed.), Beyond nature writing: Expanding the boundaries of ecocriticism. University of Virginia Press. Buell, L. (2009). Literature as environmental (ist) thought experiment. In ( Donald K Swearer (ed.), Ecology and the environment: Perspectives from the humanities (pp. 21- 36). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Center for the Study of World Religions of Harvard Divinity School. Choker, B.A. (2014). Community experience of environmental resource degradation and transformation in the Ethiope area of Urhoboland: implications for sustainable development. Aridon: The International Journal of Urhobo Studies, 1,23-52. Darah, E.M. (2022). Indigenous deity and religious myths surrounding palm trees in Esaba community in Ughievwen. In OnoawarieEdevbie (ed.). The Urhobo people of Udu and Ughievwen (pp. 123-129). Okpara Island: Urhobo Historical Society.
Social Cohesion through Festivals in Nigeria and the Traditional Performance Space of Biase New Yam Festival of CRS
Ekaette B. EDEM
Social Cohesion through Festivals in Nigeria and the Traditional Performance Space of Biase New Yam Festival of CRS
By: Ekaette B. EDEMEmail: ekaettebrian@aksu.edu.ng
Tel: 08026097070
Abstract
Festivals are common to all human societies, and they vary according to the ecology and the social structure of the people. Nigeria as a country is endowed with lots of cultural activities and festivals, sourced from its multi-cultural communities. These festivals, be it secular, cultural or religious play essential role in any found community. This paper on Social Cohesion through Festivals in Nigeria looks at the Biase New Yam Festival of Cross River State, as a platform for fostering unity, peaceful co-existence and also an opportunity to develop and share culture, showcase values, identity and pride of a people. It analyses the different events that make up the festival, with its contribution to national development. The paper examines the historical trends as manifestations of the people’s culture and assesses its traditional performance space. Many festivals remain undocumented and unexplored in many parts of the country as a theatrical performance, making them loose out in the rich repertoire of drama, dance and music. Moreover, understanding the importance of festival in promoting social cohesion can lead to the development of more effective strategies for preserving cultural heritage and promoting communal harmony. Historical and survey research methods was adopted for the study. It also involved participatory observation of festivals, interviews, documentary analysis, and presentation of pictures. By contributing to knowledge, the paper presents vivid account of the New Yam festival as an occasion that gathers visitors not just from the host community, local government areas and Cross River State at large, but also tourists from different states in Nigeria and beyond, while it contributes to the development of culture. The festival is celebrated due to historical legend, as dictated by men for thanksgiving to the gods for a successful planting and bountiful harvest
Keywords
Social Cohesion, Festival, Culture, Traditional Performance Space
Introduction
Festivals are common to all human societies, and they vary according to the ecology and the social structure of the people. As mostly said, Africans are well known in the world for their rich cultural heritage as expressed in numerous performances, through festivals, traditional ceremonies and cultural displays. Culture in a simple term is defined as the ways of life of people with a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual, social, economic and political identity. According to Elizabeth Henshaw, culture may be defined as “a realm of consciousness, and mind as the totality of consciousness of the individual, the man” (79). Haralambus and Holborn assert that “culture is the whole way of life found in a particular society”, which can be distinguished from society to society although with a close connection between nations. Culture connects individuals and society to each other in language, norms, beliefs, arts, lifestyles, and ways of living together, value system, traditions and so on. Culture cuts across boundaries due to historical relations between groups like trade, inter-tribal marriages and so on. From Wathiongo, “Culture is a way of life fashioned by a people in their collective endeavor to live and come to terms with their total environment, it is the sum of their art, their science and all their beliefs and rituals” (4).
Content
Nigeria is one of the largest and geographically, socially and culturally most diversified African country. In its diversity the Nigerian culture is reflected in over 250 identified ethnic groups, with three large ethno-linguistic entities which are the Yoruba, the Ibo, and the Hausa Fulani (Ekaette Edem, 81). Ekaette recognised that Nigerian culture is being shaped by the multiple ethnic groups of about 1150 dialectics and over 521 languages. The identity of a nation most times lies in the culture and festival they celebrate. Olakunle Ojo asserts that; “a festival is an event usually and ordinarily staged by a community, which centers on and celebrates some unique events and aspect of the community” (16). Festivals tell the past of the people, assist in easy understanding of the present and a projection into their future as an oral literature. Festivals represent the sociological yearnings of the people, social moral, historical and religious deeds. The entertainment derived from festivals satisfies basic aesthetic qualities that insinuate them to indigenous folks, dance, music and many more as everyone looks forward to the performance.
Conclusion
The Biase New Yam festival is a big occasion that gathers visitors not just from the host community, local government area and Cross River State at large, but also tourists from different states in Nigeria and beyond, while it contributes to the development of culture. It brings about Unity in diversity, which is the coming together of people from different ethnic groups and tribes as at the time of the festival. It is an opportunity that creates links with other parts of the state either by road network, air or through the river. The Biase New Yam festival is celebrated due to historical legend, as dictated by men for thanksgiving to the gods for a successful planting and bountiful harvest. During this time, sacrifices, libation, prayers and thanksgiving are offered to the gods and the deities before the festival to renew and strengthen the bonds of unity between the living and the deities. The festival brings people together as a group and family, and strengthens their unity and cohesion.
References
Ayisi, Eric O. An Introduction to the Study of African Culture. University of Ghana: Northumberland Press, 1972. Edem, Ekaette. The Promotion of Nigerian Arts and Culture through Festivals. In Gaspro International Journal of Academic Research and Development. Vol. 4, No. 2. May, 2018. Pp. 80- 91. Baden-Wurttemberg: Global Academic Stars Promoter (Online). Edem, Ekaette. Using Raffia as Costumes for Theatre Performances. In Intercontinental Journal of Education, Science and Technology. Ed. Timothy Monday. Vol. No. 1, Vol. 3. April, 2019. Pp. 91- 97. Berlin: Global Academic Stars Promoter (Online). Edem, Ekaette. Theatre Organisation and Facility Management in Nigeria. In Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies (SGOJAHDS), Ed. Christian Ele. Vol. 7, No. 1 March, 2024; Pp. 543 – 558. Open Journal Systems (Online). Ekpo, Ime. The researchers Father from Akwa Ibom State. Oral Interview. Ekpo, Margaret-Mary. The researchers Mother from Akwa Ibom State. Oral Interview. Enang, Nyoung. Acting Chief of Abini, Biase Local Government Area. 2018, Oral Interview. Haralambos and Holborn. Sociology: Themes and Perspective. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 2014 Henshaw, Elizabeth. “Unity through Cultural Interaction”. In Cultural Development and Nation Building S. O. Unoh (ed). University of Cross River State: Adeyemi Press, 1986. Pp. 79-87. Nsofor, M. C. Traditional Festival in Anambra State. Enugu: Anambra Cultural Units. 1979. Obiechinna Emmanuel. Cited in Kalu Uka. Readings in African Humanities. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers. 1978. Ojo, Olakunle. An Evaluation of the Dramatic Aesthetics of Emidin and Igbo Festivals of Omudookeekiti. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of A Master of Arts Degree (MA) in Literature. August 2015. Oke, Justina Enang. Old Maiden Trainer in Abimi Community, Biase Local Government Area. 2018, Oral Interview. Okwori, Jenkeri. The Performer of African Society: A Seminar Paper Presented at English Department. A. B. U. Zaria. 1987. Wathiongo, Ngugi. The African Writer and His Past: Perspective on African Literature. London: Heinemann. 1971
Analysing Officialese in the Benue State Civil Service
Esther Iveren SHAGBA, Vanessa Chivir ADZER, Godwin Edet ANTE, Msooter ADZER
Analysing Officialese in the Benue State Civil Service
By: Esther Iveren SHAGBAEmail: shagbaesther@gmail.com
Tel: 07032823836
Abstract
This current study entitled: ‘Analysing Officialese in the Benue State Civil Service' aims at critically analysing the language used in file processing by civil servants, especially as it pertains to the Benue State Civil Service. The study therefore appraised the codes and language system used by Benue State civil servants in file processing, identified the difficulties in understanding such language system and provided clarification and explored how office language can be seen as an asset to its users. Language is used variously, but for the sake of this current study, the researcher limits the study to the style of language used in Benue State civil service, the challenges therein and clarifications. To successfully achieve the set goals for the study, the researchers adopted Conversational Maxims Theory by Grice (1969) and Foregrounding Theory by Leech (1969). The analysis of data in this current study was guided by the principles and parameters of the theories mentioned above. Data for this study was generated from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources of data were files collected and examined at the different sections and departments of the Benue State Civil Service. The researchers subjected the documents collected at the Benue State Civil Service to diverse levels of stylistic analysis such as graphological, lexical and syntactic which covered sentences/clauses, passivation/pronominalisation, the formulaic adjunct and adverbials. It was then found that, officialese is polite, impersonal and formal; and is characterised by the preponderance of passive structures and the use of the personal pronouns ‘I’ and ‘you’. It was also concluded that, the Benue State Civil Service has many channels through which it communicates with not only its members but also members of the public. Some of these are; written, oral, or non- verbal channels. The researcher then recommended that: Studies such as this current one should be sought by the government and made available to Benue State civil servants, in order to equip them with the knowledge of the ideal language to be used in file processing and how to use it.
Keywords
Civil Service, File Processing, Foregrounding, Language, Officialese
Introduction
Language is one of man's greatest gifts. It is an indispensable as well as an efficient tool which enables human beings to communicate, relate and share ideas, feelings, emotions and thoughts. It is a phenomenon which singles man and sets man apart from all other creatures. Language is the basic and fundamental tool for communication because, without language, human communication will be difficult. Omachonu (2011:1) opines that, language is so vital to human existence that there is hardly any situation or human function where language is not required. This can be seen as the reason why humans are born with the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). Omachonu (2011: 3) further adds that "language as a means of communication is essential in all speech communities and there is power in language (speech). Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves. The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release.
Content
Human language is specie-specific. Only human beings make use of a system of verbal codes in communication. One of the things that distinguish man from every other creature is his possession of an organised system of communication called language. As a social phenomenon, language is basic to all societies because people use it to express their hopes, convey their thoughts, feelings and experiences. It is a system through which we engage in meaningful discourse (spoken or written). The message we intend to communicate is conveyed when we use language within the scope of the rules guiding its effective use.
Conclusion
After subjecting the documents to diverse levels of stylistic analysis such as graphological, lexical and syntactic which covered sentences, clauses, passivisation, pronominalisation, the formulaic adjunct, adverbials and so on, the study discovered that officialese is polite, impersonal and formal; and is characterised by the preponderance of passive structures and the use of the personal pronouns ‘I’ and ‘you’. It was also concluded that, the Benue State Civil Service has many channels through which it communicates with not only its members but also members of the public. Some of these are; written, oral, or non-verbal channels. Which depends on: What is to be communicated? Who is doing the communicating? At whom is the communication targeted and what the feedback is. The researcher concluded that, just like some other government institutions, the Benue State Civil Service communicates through both written and oral channels, the written channels include: Memorandum, Minutes, Reports, Press Release, Press Conference, Executive Orders, Gazettes, Letters, Pamphlets, Handbooks, Bulletin Boards, Circulars, Petition and Newsletters.
References
Abubakre G. (2011). Public choices and policy change. International journal of modern linguistics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Adamolekun, L. (1986), Politics and Administration in Nigeria. Ibadan, Spectrum. Adamolekun, L. (2002) "Governance Context and Reorientation of Government". In Adamolekun, L. (Ed), Public Administration in Africa, Main Issues and Selected Country Studies. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. Sokpo R. (2016). "A study of Autosegmental phonology in Tiv". Dissertation submitted to the department oflanguages and linguistic, Benue State University, Makurdi. Nigeria. Stock L. (1992). Policy Researchers and policymakers: Never the twain shall meet. Retrieved March 16, 2012 from http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-8311-201-1 DO TOPIC.html Tackie & Adams J. (2007). Information Identification, Evaluation and use for Decisionmaking by Managers: A case study of Ibadan, Abeokuta and Lagos Metropolitan Areas, Nigeria. (Master's degree project). Africa Regional Center for Information Science. University of Ibadan. Thorne F. (1997). Boundary organizations in environmental policy and science: An introduction. Science. Technology and Human Values 26(4): pp.399-408. Tiamiyu, M. (1991). Importance of information sources to the information requirements of works activities in Nigeria government ministries. Journal of Information Science 17: pp. 345-351. Willie & Anna (2019). The Advocacy coalition approach: An assessment. In Theories of the policy process, Ed. Paul Sabatier. Boulder: Westview Press
A Study of Single Motherhood in Without Mercy, The Mirror of My Life, and Night Dancers
Rebecca Uduakobong Adesiyan, Emmanuel Jolaolu Adegbenro
A Study of Single Motherhood in Without Mercy, The Mirror of My Life, and Night Dancers
By: Rebecca Uduakobong AdesiyanEmail: adesiyanrebecca@gmail.com
Tel: 08062505420
Abstract
Single motherhood is becoming ubiquitous today, unlike in the past, when it was almost a sacrilege. This portends serious implications for society. This paper examines the tragic conditions that a single mother and her child find themselves in while trying to navigate the difficulties imposed on them by society. Three novels on the theme of single motherhood were purposively selected from Nigeria; Abubakar's Without Mercy, Asogwa's The Mirror of My Life, and Unigwe's Night Dancers. The study adopted the content analytical method in interrogating the selected novels. A purposive sampling technique was used to select three novels a total of twelve films comprising six Nollywood and six Hollywood films. The novels were subjected to content and qualitative analysis to explore the issues of single motherhood. The study adopted Attachment Theory as the framework for analysis. Findings revealed that children raised by both parents exhibit a wholesome attitude towards life and suffer little or no rejection from people. Whereas, a child brought up by a single parent faces social rejection, and psychological depression, and becomes behaviorally dysfunctional. Every inherent character defect or otherwise displayed by a child raised by a single mother is a factor of societal attitude towards the peculiar challenge of the parent. Moreover, the tragic conditions experienced by single mothers/their children are compounded by stigmatisation, psychological pressure, victimisation, rejection, taunting, and mockery. The paper recommends that the society should reappraise its value system by accepting single motherhood as a socio-reality to save the society from violence and suicide.
Keywords
Attachment theory, contemporary Nigerian novels, parenthood, single motherhood, sensitive parenting.
Introduction
The subject of single motherhood has always been a part of man and has existed as far as man is concerned. In time past, single motherhood was not as pronounced or common as it is today. It was more of a taboo, a thing unheard of. Hence women did everything possible to stay married not only because they understood the negative implications of single parenting but because of fear of stigmatisation of not just the individual involved, but the family as a whole. A family would not want to be separated from her kinsman and the society at large because a woman inadvertently brings a child to the world outside wedlock.
Content
The subject of single motherhood has always been a part of man and has existed as far as man is concerned. In time past, single motherhood was not as pronounced or common as it is today. It was more of a taboo, a thing unheard of. Hence women did everything possible to stay married not only because they understood the negative implications of single parenting but because of fear of stigmatisation of not just the individual involved, but the family as a whole. A family would not want to be separated from her kinsman and the society at large because a woman inadvertently brings a child to the world outside wedlock.
Conclusion
The family as the first agent of socialisation is the first to criticise the characters in the selected novels. Society is also responsible for the tragic conditions and the poverty a single mother partly experienced in the texts because of social construct. Hence, every woman needs to be economically empowered to set herself free from societal norms. The survival instinct in a single mother as well as children in lone families is premised on the economic capacity or viability of the single mother. Through the deployment of characters, the use of narrative techniques, and language, the novelists succeeded in communicating these tragic conditions by sympathising with, exonerating and blaming their characters. A single parent is caused by so many factors and the effect is more on the children than mothers. Society has a major role to play in reshaping the lives of single parents. Some characters weaved through or survived the hopeless situations they found themselves in while others were submerged by them. Single motherhood is not hereditary, as a matter fact, but society has largely contributed to the issues befalls women who today are regarded as single mothers or parent.
References
Abubakar, A. T. (1999). Without Mercy. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books Limited. Ambrosini A and Stanghellini. G. (2012). Myths of motherhood. The role of culture in the development of postpartum depression. Ann Ist Super Sanità, 277. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7f54/cc124f8fcac7995947e6bd542a2b76c2f7d1.pdf. March 26, 2021 Asogwa, F. (2005). The Mirror of My Life. Nsukka, Nigeria: Afros-Orbis Publishing Ltd. Balter, L. (2000). Parenthood in America, An Encyclopedia, Volume 2. USA: ABC CLIO. Barajas, M. S. (2011). Academic achievement of children in single parent homes: A Critical Review. The Hiltop Review, 13. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=hilltoprevi ew March 24, 2921 Bornstein, M. H. (2002). Hand-book of parenting, Volume 3, Being and Becoming a parent. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Elemer L. Towns and Dave Earley. (2010). Praying for your children. USA: Destiny Image Publisher. Hacker, R. (1960). The Opposite Sex (telling the teenagers). 33 Tothill Street, London: Pan Books Ltd. Hassett, J. M. (2010). W. B. Yeats and the muses. USA: Oxford University Press Inc. Holden, G. W. (2021). Parrenting, A dynamic perspective. Third Edition. USA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Maldonado, C. L. & Nieuwenhuis R (2018). The triple bind of single-parent families. United Kingdom: Policy Press. Mainthia, Reppart, Reppart, Pearce, Cohen, and Netterville (2013). A model for improving the health and quality of life of single mothers in the developing world. empowering young single mothers, 15. Retrieved from http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?rh13052. March 26, 2021 Meier, Musick, Flood and Dunifon. (2016). Mothering Experiences: How single-parenthood and employment shift the valence. author manuscript, 2-4. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5497991/pdf/nihms867320.pdf March 24, 2021 Olszowy, H. (2012). The effects of income, gender, parental-involvement on the education of children with single-parent and step-parent families. Perspectives, 61-63. Retrieved from https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=perspectives March 24, 2021 Pickhardt, C. E. (1996). Keys to single parenting. USA: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Stephen, E. N. & Udisi, L. (2016). Single-parent families and their impact on children: a study of Amassoma community in Bayelsa state. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 1-5. Retrieved March 22, 2021from https://www.idpublications.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Abstract-SINGLE-PARENT-FAMILIES-AND-THEIR-IMPACT-ON-CHILDREN-A-STUDY-OF-AMASSOMA-COMMUNITY.pdf Sarah, E. K. & Author E. J. (2005). The parenting skills, treatment and planner. canada: Jonh Wiley & Sons. Unigwe, C. (2013). Night Dancer. Ikeja, Lagos: Parresia Books Ltd. Ziglar, Z. (1985). Raising positive kids in a negative world. USA: Thomas Nelson Publishers, Inc. Zabel H. & Hübgen. S (2018). A life-course approach to single motthers' economic wellbeing in different welfare states. Econstor, 171. Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/179004/1/f-21208-full-text-Zabel-et_al-Approach-v3.pdf March 26, 2021
The Politics of Humour: Fictional Names and Comic Characterisation in the Novels of Chukwuemeka Ike
Charles Alex Patrick
The Politics of Humour: Fictional Names and Comic Characterisation in the Novels of Chukwuemeka Ike
By: Charles Alex PatrickEmail: charlespatrick282@gmail.com
Tel: 08142809795
Abstract
The craft deployed by Chukwuemeka Ike in naming his comic characters and the impact that the names have on their behaviours and roles is the crux of this study. The study adopted qualitative research since the data involved is narrative data harvested from four novels and was subjected to content analysis using relational analytic tools to unveil the intricate synergy between the characters' grotesque names and their predilection for comic absurdities. The theoretical framework drew upon Martyna Gibka's work, "The Humorous Functions of Proper Names in the Literary Work of Art" (2015) and Henri Bergson's (1980) seminal work, Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of Comic. By employing these frameworks, the study elucidated Ike's naming pattern, which manifests in two distinct forms: the creation of onomastic names imbued with symbolism and the semantic process of fashioning names replete with linguistic peculiarities. The paper concluded that there is a harmonious interplay between the grotesque names of the characters and the cardinal roles that they play in the selected novels.
Keywords
politics, humour, fictional names, comic characterisation, Chukwuemeka Ike
Introduction
The phenomenon of names or naming has generated scholarly debates right from the time of Plato. It has continued to yield remarkable volumes of scholarship among literary onomasticians, linguistic and language scholars. Izevbaye reveals that “the controversy about names still has a universal and continuing importance and is still an important field for serious speculation and scholarship” (1981, p.162). In Cratylus for instance, which has attained the status of a theoretical masterpiece among scholars, Plato argues, “No name belongs to any particular thing by nature, but only by the habit and custom of those who employ it and who establish the usage” (1978, p.11); this implies that names are cultural constructs that acquire meaning and significance following the values attributed to them by the namers, bearers, or society at large, otherwise if “Taken out of this context of social reality, names remain in an atomistic state" (Plato, 1926, p.164). Thus, while names exist within the realm of language, they assume particular forms and possess value within the societal or contextual framework in which they are bestowed. Similarly, the act of naming holds tremendous significance within fictional narratives. Writers often dedicate ample time and effort to generate names that will enrich and accentuate the personas of their "homo fictus" (Foster, 1927), thereby shedding light on various aspects of their literary works, including themes, plots, and more. Izevbaye’s astute observation that naming is a creative process that not only shapes the personality within a sociocultural context but also involves the creation of a character within the literary realm (1981, p.169) reinforces Papantoniou and Konstantopoulos’s view that fictional character names are expressive vehicles conveying experiences, ethos, teleology, values, culture, ideology, and attitudes (2016, p.2154). Derived from realworld names, fictional names embody traditional and socio-cultural elements, reflecting their society's moral and cultural orientation. Thus, in this study, we shall scrutinise the intersection of the grotesque names of some characters in Ike’s works and their comic manifestations. The primary aim is to discern the nuanced impact of such distinctive names on the intricate fabric of the characters' personalities.
Content
Significant theoretical works have been carried out on naming fictional characters by literary onomasticians and Polish literary onomasticians carry out the bulk of the work. Gibka who seems to have found proficient engagement in literary onomastics reveals: The issue of the functions of literary proper names has been given the most attention in Poland and it was there that the majority of works that contributed to the development of the field were published. That is why three out of four sections devoted to the aforementioned functions will present Polish articles and monographs… (2019a, pp.13–14) Numerous Polish scholars have made noteworthy contributions to literary onomastics, rendering it indispensable to explore the functions of fictional names in literature without being overshadowed by the extensive body of their scholarly works.
Conclusion
We have been able to show that in Ike’s novels, there is always a harmonious interplay between the names and the roles played by the characters. Ike’s naming convention manifests sterling ingenuity and illuminating logic evident in how his characters’ antics and semantics reinforce the names they bear. It is obvious that for Ike, the art of naming goes beyond merely identifying or differentiating characters; it performs additional functions of enhancing characterisation, developing meaning and censoring awry behaviour. Because Ike is an unapologetic satirist, characters bear names that accentuate their behaviour, attitudes and attributes through which he makes moral statements. Therefore, the synergy between the roles and names of characters in his works reveals Ike to be a writer who is under the constant influence of imaginative brainwaves and clairvoyant perceptiveness.
References
Papantoniou, K. and Stasinos K. (2016). Unravelling Names of Fictional Characters. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics; 2154–2163. Rouillé, L. (2021). Anti-Realism about Fictional Names at Work: A New Theory for Metafictional Sentences. Organon F 28 (1): 223–252. https://doi.org/10.31577/orgf.2021.28110. Salis, F. (2021). The Meanings of Fictional Names. Organon F 28 (1) 2021: 9–43. Solodkoff, T. V. (2019). Explaining Fictional Characters. Ergo, 6(22): 617 – 645. Stokke, A. (2021). Fictional names and individual concepts. Synthese, 198:7829 –7859. Wamitila, K. W. (1999). “What is a Name? Towards Literary Onomastics in Kiswahili Literature, in AAP 60: 35 Gibka, M. (2019a). Literary Onomastics: A Theory. Poland: Archae Graph. -------. (2019b). Permanent Functions of Characters’ Proper Names in Harry Potter. Journal of Literary Onomastics, 7(1):45 – 52. -------. (2018a). The Humorous Function of the Characters’ Names in Terry Pratchett’s Men at Arms. -------. (2018b). The Functions of Characters’ Proper Names in Guards! Guards! by Terry Pratchett. Onomastica Uralica, 203 – 264. -------. (2016) The Humorous Function of Proper Names in Harry Potter. Integralia IV. Wymiary studenckiej humanistyki. Ed. Aneta Lica and Marlena Kardasz. Elblag: Wydawnictwo PWSZ w Elblagu, 139 – 145. --------. (2015). The Functions of Proper Names in the Literary Work of Art. Symbolae Europaeae; 8: 79 – 90. Glavaničová, D. (2018). “Fictional Names and Semantics: Towards a Hybrid View.” In Objects of Inquiry in Philosophy of Language and Literature. Studies in Philosophy of Language and Linguistics59– 73. https://doi.org/10.3726/b14249 Ike, C. (1993). The Potter’s Wheel. Ibadan: University Press. -------. (2008). Toads for Supper. Ibadan: University Press. -------. (2009). The Bottled Leopard. Ibadan: University Press. -------. (2009). The Naked Gods. Ibadan: University Press. Izevbaye, D. (1981). Naming and the Character of African Fiction. Research in African Literatures. 12(2): 162-184. Kosterec, M. (2021). Some Further Remarks on Hybrid View of Fictional Characters. Organon F 28 (2): 484–491. Oguzie, B. E.C. (2004). “An Interview with Chukwuemeka Ike” in Goatskin Bags and Wisdom: new critical perspectives on African literature. Ernest Emenyonu, ed. New York: African World Press, 365-374. Patrick, C. A. (2019). Chukwuemeka Ike: Humour and the Burden of Casual Criticism. Israeli Journal for Humor Research, 8(2): 52-66. ------. (2024). The Dialectics of Setting and Humour in Chukwuemeka Ike’s Novels. Nigerian Journal of Arts and Humanities, 4(2): 47- 52. Plato. (1978). “Cratylus” in The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, (eds.) Princeton: Princeton University Press Azuike, M. “Language and Style in The Bottled Leopard”. Chukwuemeka Ike: A Critical Reader, Ugbabe Kanchana (ed.) Ibadan: Malthouse, 2001, pp.50-63. Bergson, H. Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of Comic. New York: Public Domain Books, 1980. Cieslikowa, A. (1990). Rodzaje ekspresji w tworzeniu nazw osobowych. Polonica, 15: 111 – 119. Coates, R. (2020). Linguistic aspects of literary name origination. Onoma: Journal of the International Council of Onomatstic, 53, 11- 31. DOI:10.34158/ONOMA.53/2018/2 Cotoc, A. (2016). Fictional Names and Cybernames. BIBLIOTECA TÈCNICA DE POLÍTICA LINGÜÍSTICA; 133 – 139. Currie, G. (1990). The Nature of Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ezenwa-Ohaeto. (2001). “Oral traditions in the Novels of Chukwuemeka Ike” in Chukwuemeka Ike: A Critical Reader, Ugbabe Kanchana (ed.) Ibadan: Malthouse. Forster, E. M. (1927). Aspects of the Novel. London: Penguin Books.
The Paradox of Childhood Motif in Camara Laye’s The African Child and Ahmadou Kourouma’s Allah is Not Obliged
Uchenna Bethrand Anih
The Paradox of Childhood Motif in Camara Laye’s The African Child and Ahmadou Kourouma’s Allah is Not Obliged
By: Uchenna Bethrand AnihEmail: uchanih@oauife.edu.ng
Tel: 08142809795
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that Francophone African Literary writers have employed child characters in their works, offering, sometimes, contradictory representation of childhood in their works. This study attempts a comparative analysis of the representation of childhood in Camara Laye’s The African Child and Ahmadou Kourouma’s Allah is not obligedi by. juxtaposing the paradoxical portraiture of childhood in both texts. While The African Child offers an idyllic and pacific African childhood and marking “the closing stages of the colonial period” (Sow 2010, 489), Kourouma’s Allah is not obliged chronicles the gradual degeneration of childhood within the post-colony. Notwithstanding the charge of writing “misery literature” targeted mainly towards Western consumption and the humanitarian industry leveled against the author, the novel clearly demonstrates post-independence disillusionment by its portrayal of the progressive transformation of childhood innocence typified in The African Child to monster creatures in Allah is not obliged. Drawing from sociological and fictional accounts on childhood, this study underscores the gradual loss of good parenting and positive African values as well as Western materialism and values which Kourouma’s text clearly depicts. The comparative analysis reveals a transition from innocence to beast as both writers clearly represent childhood from different historical periods culminating in the paradox which their novels evince. However, beyond the theme of lost childhood often popularized in Western ‘humanitarian’ literature, Kourouma further showcases his creative ingenuity by his employment of the unedifying character of the child-narrator to satirize the enabling African milieux.
Keywords
Paradox, Childhood, African, sociopolitical, obliged
Introduction
This paper argues that post-independence reality of the colonized African child is such a tragic one and whose literatures have birthed tragic child characters bereft of any childhood innocence. Such child characters are categorized as “de-socialized” (Kodah 2019) by considering the kind of dysfunctional sociopolitical realities within which they evolve and operate. Thus, the emergence of child soldering narrative also reflects the general outlook of African sociopolitical landscape.
Content
As rightly noted by Rosen (2007) and cited by Mastey (2017)” the child soldier ‘crisis’ is a modern political crisis…” occasioned by postcolonial forces in Africa. Consequently, novels on child soldering have begun to flourish within the African literary corpus in reaction to the sociopolitical realities and upheavals that have characterized the continent in the early 2000. Novels such as Ahmadou Kourouma’s Allah is not obliged (2000), Chris Abani’s Song for Night, Emmanuel Dongala’s Johny Mad Dog (2002), Grace Akallo’s Girl Soldier (2007), Uzodinma Iweala’s Beasts of No Nation, Emmanuel Jal’s War Child: A Child Soldier Story, China Keitesti’s Child soldier constitute an African literary corpus featuring child protagonists who contrast with the Laye’s pattern of the The African Child. Since the publication of Camara Laye’s The African Child (originally published in French as L’enfant noir) in 1953, the autobiographical novel undoubtedly occupies a classical and controversial position within the corpus of Francophone African novels of the colonial period. Though it won the prestigious literary award, Prix Charles Veillon in 1954, its reception among fellow writers of that time is marked by heavy criticism. Specifically, Mongo Beti (Afrique noire, littérature rose, 1955) accused Camara Laye of not being a committed writer and of course, for blissfully ignoring the “grim realities of colonialism” (Feuser, 1997:116) in Africa, especially its obvious betrayal of the emancipatory struggle for which committed African literature is known. In spite of all the shortcomings ascribed to The African Child, its relevance within Francophone fictional writings remains indelible as a classical text which has come to debunk most myths about Africa and Africans.
Conclusion
This essay has demonstrated that there is a transition from innocence to the beast in the representation of childhood in the two novels. While Camara Laye portrays childhood as a period of complete innocence, Kourouma’s image of childhood is highly terrifying as Allah is not obliged presents children as blood-thirsty, ill-mannered and violent creatures. The explanation for such change is to be found in the general sociopolitical conditions which shape the post-independence and the lack of responsible parenting in contemporary times. The African Child epitomizes the ideal African child whose existential conditions reflect the important value placed on children and parenting within most African milieux of precolonial and colonial period. The image of the child within Allah is not obliged clearly mirrors the postcolonial angst and a dysfunctional society in which there is a lack of sympathy for vulnerable children and respect for the rights of children.
References
Achebe, Chinua. Morning Yet on Creation Day, Garden City NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1976 Akpome, Aghogho. “Child and Youth Protagonists in Habila’s Measuring Time and Dangor’s Bitter Fruit” Tydskrif vir Letterkunde, 55.2 (2018): 4-20. Bernard, R. Paul. “Individuality and Collectivity” A Duality in Camara Laye’s L’Enfant noir” The French Review, 52.2 (1978): 313-324. Béti, Mongo. “ Afrique noire, littérature rose” Présence Africaine 1&2 (1955) : 133- 145. Devine, Feuser, Willfried. “Literary Representations of Childhood and Youth in Anglophone, Francophone, Lusophone and Germanophone African Literature” Présence Africaine, 155 (1997):100-122. Irele, Abiola. “In Search of Camara Laye” Research in African Literatures, 37.1 (2006):110-127. King, Adele. Rereading Camara Laye, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Kodah, Mawuloe Koffi. “Mending the Broken Fence: A Study of the Socialized and De-socialized Child in Laye’s The African Child and Kourouma’s Allah is not obliged” New Perspectives on African Childhood: Constructions, Histories, Representations and Understandings. Ed. Botchway et al, Delaware/Malaga: Vermon Press, (2019):197-216. Kourouma, Ahmadou. Allah is not Obliged. Translated by E. Wynne. London: Vintage Books, 2006. Laye, Camara. The African Child. Translated by James Kirkup. London: Collins, 1959. Mackey, Allison. “Troubling Humanitarian Consumption: Reframing Relationality in African Child Soldier Narratives” Research in African Literatures, 44.4 (2013): 99- 122. Mastey, David.” Child Soldier Stories and Their Fictions” Interventions, 18.1(2016): 143-158. ---. “The Adulterated Children of Child Soldier Narratives” Research in African Literatures. 48.4(2017): 39-55. ---. “Child Soldier Narratives and the Humanitarian Industry” Genre, 51.1 (2018): 81-103. ---. “Child Soldier Narratives and Their War Names” English Studies, 99.2 (2018): 166-182. ---. “The Relative Innocence of Child Soldiers” The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 54.3 (2017): 1-16. Olney, James. Tell Me Africa: An Approach to African Literature, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1973. Olson, Debbie. “On the Innocence of Beasts: African Child Soldiers in Cary Fukunaga’s Beasts of No Nation” New Perspectives on African Childhood: Constructions, Histories, Representations and Understandings. Ed. Botchway et al, Delaware/Malaga: Vermon Press, (2019): 83-108. Rosen, DM. “Child Soldiers, International Humanitarian Law, and the Globalization of Childhood” American Anthropologist, 109.2 (2007): 296-306. Sow, Alioune. “Political Intuition and African Autobiographies of Childhood”. Biography, 33. 3 (2010): 498-517. Walsh, John. “Coming of Age with an AK-47: Ahmadou Kourouma’s “Allah n’est pas obligé” Research in African Literatures, 39.1 (2008): 185-197
Legend In Francophone African Theatre: A Reading of Tchicaya U Tam’si’s Le Zulu and Jean Pliya’s Kondo Le Requin
Professor Raufu Adebiyi Adebisi
Legend In Francophone African Theatre: A Reading of Tchicaya U Tam’si’s Le Zulu and Jean Pliya’s Kondo Le Requin
By: Professor Raufu Adebiyi AdebisiEmail: raufadebisi@gmail.com
Tel: 08034532120
Abstract
The aim of this article is to look at the manner two Francophone African playwrights, Tchicaya U tam’si from the Republic of Congo and Jean Pliya from the Republic of Benin use their plays to promote good conduct for the development of society. The two works, Le Zulu by U tam’si and Kondo le requin by Pliya, are legendary plays. The legendary heroes whose lives inspired the theatres are the South African Zulu King Chaka and the Dahomean King Gbehanzin. Names of legendary heroes continue to be alive among their people because of their feats and their services to their people. In the two plays Chaka and Gbehanzin manifest these qualities. But is their commitment gratuitous? To interrogate this problem, we have recourse to Functional myth theory, one of the major theories for the study of myths and legends. We consider Functional myth theory apt because of its emphasis on patriotism and development. We use the technique of literary appreciation to study the two dramatic works in focus. We discover that contrary to the struggles of genuinely selfless heroes, the exertions of Chaka and Gbehanzin are marred by egocentric ambitions as manifested in their intransigence and use of Machiavellian policies. In the end, both kings end ingloriously as a result of their selfish ambitions. The article thus emphasises a lasting lesson in leadership and societal development. It is an indirect warning to African politicians who oppress and exploit their compatriots once they come to power.
Keywords
Legend, myth, patriotism, national interest, war
Introduction
The subject of literature is man in society. Creative literature, addresses the problem of man pursuing his individual objectives and the way he contributes to the growth of society. We are here, far from the purview of literature as pure art, which rejects the idea of any social commitment but which exists for its own sake. We are here in the realm of what is referred to in French as ‘littérature engagée’, a notion by which a work of art must be at the service of society.
Content
According to Buchanan, the renowned French philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Sartre thrashed out the dichotomy between the two opposing perspectives of imaginative literature when he “rejected aesthetics of ‘pure writing for its own sake’ and argued that the writer had a responsibility to explore and integrate universal values of freedom” (433). Significantly, Sartre, and his influencers, chief among who are Marx, Kant and Hegel, directly or indirectly, endorse these basic characteristics of creative fiction, precisely that of the utilitarian value of art being on the side of truth and supporting the oppressed against the oppressors in the collective search for a just society.
Conclusion
Functional myth theory is aimed at inculcating morals and noble social behaviours. Only a society built on solid moral foundation and social conduct can be stable and make meaningful progress. This informed our decision to interrogate the lives of the legendary heroes in the plays of U tam’si and Pliya. Legendary personages are considered worthy of the name because of the contributions they make to their society. In the interface between the Functional myth theory and the protagonists, we find in them courage, skillfulness and an acute sense of patriotism. These qualities have inscribed their names, and those of their subjects who shared these merits with them, like the women soldiers “the Amazones” in Pliya’s theatre, in history up to this day. On the other hand, their compatriots like the individuals known for their dishonourable role of connivance with the European colonialists, are seen in unfavourable light.
References
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Media Advertising, Language and Translation
By: Dominica E. UkpongEmail: nkoyodomi@gmail.com
Tel: 08166960994
Abstract
The media space is massive with a lot of activities going on. Whether it has to do with print or electronic media, language is the vehicle of communicating meaning. However, there are times when it becomes very difficult for the target audience of media advertisements to make sense of the meaning of what is being communicated. Hence, there is a need for an implicit or explicit mode of translation that will help unravel the meaning of what is being conveyed from a source to a target position. Interestingly, translation is not limited only to texts as it has a dimension that touches on non-textual components like making sense of what meaning an advert intends to communicate. This study is a critical survey of how the target audience of media advertisements can make sense of the meaning intended so that communication is eventually communicated through translation efforts. One of the major findings of the study is that translation plays a crucial role in the dissolution and diffusion of ambiguity and vagueness in language and communication thereby upholding cultural and ethical good
Keywords
Media, advertising, print, electronic, language, translation, meaning, communication
Introduction
The utilization of various platforms in media advertising, such as print, television, radio, and digital media, enables the targeting of a diverse range of audiences. Language serves as a crucial instrument in conveying intended messages to these different groups. Mackay (2020:152) states that “Language plays a significant role in shaping meaning and facilitating mutual understanding between creators and consumers”. However, due to the diverse backgrounds of audiences, cultural and linguistic disparities can impede effective communication if not addressed appropriately. Translation plays a vital role in overcoming these barriers by transmitting information and meaning
Content
This study delves into a critical evaluation of the intricate connection between media advertising, language, and translation. Its objective is to unravel the complexities involved in crafting and conveying meaning in advertisements, especially in the face of cultural and linguistic challenges. The study seeks to illuminate the crucial function of translation in bridging the divide between the intended message and the audience's comprehension, ultimately enabling successful communication in the diverse realm of media as it shall be made plain going forward. What is Media Advertising? Media advertising is the practice of utilizing various media platforms to promote a product, service, or message for an advertiser (Chandler & Munday, 2020). It encompasses the use of television, radio, print, and digital platforms to reach a wide audience and persuade them to take a desired action. This form of marketing has been around since the 19th century, with newspapers and magazines selling space for advertisements. However, it has evolved over the years to include newer mediums such as social media, online platforms, and billboards. Print media advertising, which utilizes physical publications such as newspapers, magazines, brochures, billboards, flyers, and catalogues, has the advantage of high-quality images and targeted messaging (Dahlen & Rosengren, 2016).
Conclusion
This study has uncovered the complex interplay between media advertising, language, and translation in effectively conveying intended meanings to diverse audiences. Language serves as the primary tool for crafting and delivering advertising messages, utilizing words, visuals, and semiotic associations to shaping consumer perceptions and establishing emotional connections. As a consequence, the linguistic and cultural diversity of global markets necessitates the critical role of translation. Skilled translators act as intermediaries, accurately transmitting not only the literal content but also the underlying tones, rhetorical devices, and cultural nuances across different languages and contexts. As interactive digital media expands advertising into user-generated spaces, the need for target and consistent translation becomes increasingly crucial.
References
Arens, W.F. et al. (2017). Contemporary Advertising and Integrated Marketing Communications (15th ed.). London: McGraw-Hill Education. Bielsa, E. and Bassnett, S. (2009). Translation in Global News. London: Routledge. Chandler, D. (2017). Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge. Chandler, D., and Munday, R. (2020). A Glossary of Media and Communication. Oxford: University Press. Cronin, M. (2013). Translation in the Digital Age. London: Routledge. Dahlen, M., and Rosengren, S. (2016). “If advertising won’t die, what will it be? Toward a working definition of advertising”. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 45 (3), pp: 334-345. Danton, R. (2019). The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Globalization. London: Routledge. Denton, J. (2007). “Freelance Translators and Machine Translation”. In H. GerzymischArbogast & G. Budin (Eds.), LSP Translation Scenarios. New York: KULTUREN Publishers. Dyer, G. (2009). Advertising as Communication. London: Routledge. Fill, C. (2009). Marketing Communications: Interactivity, Communities and Content (5th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. Gee, J.P. (2015). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses (5th ed.). London: Routledge. Holmes, J. (2017). The name and nature of translation studies. London: Routledge. Hultén, B. (2015). Sensory Marketing: Theoretical and Empirical Grounds. London: Routledge. Jiménez-Crespo, M.A. (2013). Translation and Web Localization. London: Routledge. Jones, R.H. (2014). “Discourse, Cybernetics, and the Entextualization of the Human”. In A. Muhammed & M. Zahed (Eds.), Literacies, London: Clarendon SIRIUS Publications. pp. 359-372. Kramsch, C. (2009). “Third culture and language education”. In V. Cook & L. Wei (Eds.), Contemporary applied linguistics. New York: Continuum. Krishna, A. (ed.). (2012). Sensory Marketing: Research on the Sensuality of Products. London: Routledge. Liddicoat, A.J. and Kramsch, C. (2020). “Language and intercultural communication”. In J. Jackson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 9-23. Mackay, A. (2020). Language and advertising: Meaning, power, and style. Cambridge: University Press. McCracken, G. (1986). “Culture and consumption: New approaches to the symbolic character of everyday life”. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 13(1), pp: 71-84. McDonough, J. T. (2022). The future of branded entertainment and advertising. London: Routledge. Mehta, A., and Saxena, T. (2020). The new Indian consumer. Cambridge: University Press. Merskin, D. (2018). “The Semiotics of Representation: Rendering Ethics and Responsibility Present”. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. (4th ed.) London: IGI Global. Munday, J. (2014). Introducing translation studies. London: Routledge. Sapir, E. (1949). Selected writings in language, culture and personality. University of California Press. Saxena, S., & Viswanathan, V. (2022). Digital marketing and advertising. London: Educreation Publishing. Smith, J. P. (2021). “Bridging cultural gaps: The translator in international advertising campaigns” Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 15(2), pp: 75-89. Smith, V. & Klein-Braley, C. (1997). “Advertising-A Case for Translation Criticism”. Meta, Vol. 42(1), pp: 172-196. Smith, V. (2008). “Visual Semiotics and Translation”. In J. Munday (Ed.), Translation as Intervention. New York: Continuum, pp. 122-144. Snell-Hornby, M. (2006). The turns of translation studies: New paradigms or tired tropes? London: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Takeda, K. (2019). “Multilingual Advertising In Diverse Global Markets”. In M.A. Jiménez-Crespo (Ed.), Translation and Global Spaces of Power. London: Multilingual Matters. Tuten, T. and Solomon, M. (2018). Social Media Marketing. London: SAGE
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